Table Of Contents

Best Practices for Segmental Retaining Wall Design
The intent of this document is to communicate the best practices for design of Segmental Retaining Walls (SRW) as determined by Allan Block Corporation based on 30 plus years of research, design and field experience.
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Part 2 - Best Practice Considerations

Chapter 1.0 Design Guidelines and Pre-Construction Considerations
  • 1.1 Meeting with Owner
  • 1.2 Determining when Engineering is Required
  • 1.3 Existing and Proposed Utilities
  • 1.4 Wall Layout, height and geometry
  • 1.5 Geotechnical Report Considerations
  • 1.6 Understanding sites soils
  • 1.7 Site Visit
  • 1.8 Temporary Load Considerations
  • 1.9 Scope of Responsibility and Design Methodologies
  • 1.10 Minimum Design Safety Factors
  • 1.11 Coherent Gravity Mass and Connection Strength Considerations
  • 1.12 Contractor Requirements
  • 1.13 Manufactured Product Specifications
  • 1.14 Freeze Thaw Durability
  • 1.15 Pre-Construction Meeting
  • 1.16 Visiting the Site During Construction
  • 1.17 Construction Drawings
  • 1.18 For the Bidding Process
  • 1.19 Quality Control, Quality Assurance
   

Chapter 2.0 Typical Wall Construction
  • 2.1 Inspection of Materials
  • 2.2 Allowable Foundation Soils
  • 2.3 Allowable Infill Soils
  • 2.4 Wall Rock Guidelines
  • 2.5 Soil Parameter Verification
  • 2.6 Typical Wall Embedment
  • 2.7 Base Trench Requirements
  • 2.8 Base Trench Considerations
  • 2.9 Minimum Grid Lengths
  • 2.10 Initial Grid Location
  • 2.11 Maximum Grid Spacing
  • 2.12 Minimum Wall Facing Depth
  • 2.13 Capping the Wall
   

Chapter 3.0 Water Management - Typical
  • 3.1 Identifying Potential Water Sources
  • 3.2 Blanket and Chimney Drains
  • 3.3 Venting of Drain Pipes
  • 3.4 Above Grade Water Management
   

Chapter 4.0 Water Management - Alternate Drain
  • 4.1 Alternate Drain Locations
  • 4.2 Heel Drain Recommendations
   

Chapter 5.0 Water Application
  • 5.1 Below Grade Water Management
  • 5.2 Water Application Construction
   

Chapter 6.0 Soil and Compaction
  • 6.1 Understanding sites soils
  • 6.2 Allowable Foundation Soils
  • 6.3 Allowable Infill Soils
  • 6.4 Wall Rock Guidelines
  • 6.5 Soil Parameter Verification
  • 6.6 Inspection and Testing Recommendations
  • 6.7 Compaction Requirements at the Face of Wall
  • 6.8 Maximum Compaction Lift Spacing
  • 6.9 Compaction Requirements for Backfill Soil
  • 6.10 Testing Location and Frequencies
  • 6.11 Water Management During Construction
  • 6.12 Wall Step Ups in Base Course
  • 6.13 Stair Considerations
   

Chapter 7.0 Geogrid Reinforcement Requirements, Corner and Radius Design Practices
  • 7.1 Geogrid Reinforcement Requirements and Certification
  • 7.2 Proper Grid Orientation
  • 7.3 Wall Rock Design for Corners and Curved Walls
   

Chapter 8.0 Tall Walls Considerations
  • 8.1 Tall Wall Definition
  • 8.2 Variable Rock Thickness at Face
  • 8.3 Compaction and Soil Considerations
  • 8.4 Increased Forces in Lower Portion of Walls
  • 8.5 Global Stability of Tall Walls
  • 8.6 Internal Compound Stability Calculations
  • 8.7 Minimum Wall Facing Depth
   

Chapter 9.0 Global Stability - General
  • 9.1 Wall Embedment with Toe Slope
  • 9.2 When to Analyze for Global Stability
  • 9.3 Increasing Global Stability Options
  • 9.4 Effect of Groundwater on Global Stability
   

Chapter 10.0 Global Stability - Terraced
  • 10.1 Terraced Wall Considerations
  • 10.2 Upper Wall Influence - Surcharge
  • 10.3 Height and Grading
  • 10.4 Grid Considerations
  • 10.5 Compaction and Testing
  • 10.6 Toe and Heel Drain
  • 10.7 Global Stability
  • 10.8 Tall Wall Terraces
   

Chapter 11.0 Seismic Considerations
  • 11.1 Recommendations Associated with Seismic Loading
  • 11.2 Slope Above Seismically Loaded Walls
  • 11.3 Mononobe-Okabe Slope Above Limitations
  • 11.4 Alternate Design Approach – Trial Wedge Method
   

Chapter 12.0 Above Wall Considerations
  • 12.1 Minimum Grid Lengths at the Top of the Wall
  • 12.2 Fences and Railings
  • 12.3 Slopes Above the Wall
  • 12.4 Stability of Slopes Above
  • 12.5 Compaction Requirements for Slopes Above
  • 12.6 Reinforcing Slopes Above Walls
  • 12.7 Plantings
   

Allan Block Resources
Allan Block Spec Book
AB Engineering Manual
AB Commercial Manual
Seismic Testing Book
   
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Chapter 10: Global Stability - Terraced

Click on the topics below to view more information on the best practices for Allan Block segmental retaining wall design for residental and commercial applications.



10.1   Whenever walls are constructed in a terraced arrangement, or any of the other conditions listed, the designer must consider the overall global stability of the structure. With today’s software we now have the ability to precisely model and evaluate terraced walls using an approach which refines the use of a Bishop’s analysis in a methodology developed by Prof. Dov Leshchinsky called the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The approach builds off the long used geotechnical principals of global stability, combined with an SRW facing and utilizes a two-step approach. During step one, an analysis on the internal stability of the defined configuration is done where the calculations quantify the position and amount of load along the length of each geogrid layer. During this first step, the pullout loads versus capacity are reviewed at the wall facing and at the back of the embedded geogrid layers. The wall designer now has a method and a design tool to fully analyze complex wall geometries including applied live and dead loads as well as pseudo-static loading conditions. Step two, which is in keeping with the current standard of practice, requires a full global analysis. See the AB Engineering Manual for more details and contact the AB Engineering Department for the AB Walls Design Software.


10.2   When determining the influence of the upper wall onto the lower wall, it is common to consider the walls as independent if they are spaced apart a minimum of twice the height of the lower wall. If they are spaced closer, the lower wall must be designed to carry the surcharge of the upper wall(s), Figure 10-1.

Terraced Retaining Walls showing when geogrid and engineering is needed

Figure 10-1: Terraced Wall Applications


10.3   Terrace height and grading considerations (Figure 10-2):

  1. The top of the lower terrace should be the same elevation as the bottom of the next terrace.
  2. Grade the soil between the terraces starting at the back of the lower wall and sloped to bury at least one full block of the upper terrace. Proper embedment should always be considered.
  3. Terrace heights should be adjusted to even course numbers to facilitate 2-course maximum spacing.

10.4   Grid Considerations (Figure 10-2):

  1. It is common to have the design grid lengths for each terrace equal to at least 60% of the total terraced structure height.
  2. Maintain 2-course spacing by placing the top layer of grid in the last two courses of the lower terraced and starting on top of the first course of the upper terrace.
  3. Have the top layer of grid extend under the base of the upper terrace.
Grid Considerations for Terraced Retaining Walls

Figure 10-2: Grid Considerations for Terraced Retaining Walls

10.5   Greater attention to compaction and compaction testing should be placed on the foundation soils below the upper terraces and in transition areas where the wall splits from one wall into two. If the soils are not properly compacted in these areas, settlement can occur over time that could cause aesthetic concerns.


10.6   Toe and heel drains shall be routed as to not exit on the lower terraces. Drainpipes shall be extended to provide a path for water to be channeled away from the wall structure. Pipes at exit locations shall be marked to facilitate identification of where water is draining from.


10.7   These recommendations do not eliminate the need to consider a global stability analysis.

  1. Follow global stability recommendations in Chapter 9 Global Stability - General.

10.8   For terraced structures that are classified as tall walls, they should take into account Chapter 8 - Tall Wall Considerations.